History of Taken Goblin

The Taken Goblin is a support enemy of the Taken race. When it is near an ally, it projects an invincible shield onto that ally, so the ally takes no damage until the Goblin dies. Kill the shielding Goblin first. It carries either a Void Slap Rifle or a Solar Torch Hammer, and its precision spot is the abdomen.

The Shattered Throne

In The Shattered Throne, Taken Goblins guard the Keepers of Petitions, Taken Wizards who must be killed to break Vorgeth's shield. A GameRant guide describes each of the four groups as one Keeper, a Wizard, plus two Vandals and two Goblins. Destinypedia's Vorgeth page only mentions numerous adds without naming types, so the exact escorts may vary.